A Capacity Theory of Comprehension Individual Differences...

Psychological Review 1992, Vol. 99, No. 1,122-149 Copyright 1992 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0033-295X/92/J3.00 A Capacity Theory of Comprehension: Individual Differences in Working Memory Marcel Adam Just and Patricia A. Carpenter Carnegie Mellon University A theory of the way working memory capacity constrains comprehension is proposed. The theory proposes that both processing and storage are mediated by activation and that the total amount of activation available in working memory varies among individuals. Individual differences in working memory capacity for language can account for qualitative and quantitative differences among college-age adults in several aspects of language comprehension. One aspect is†¦show more content†¦A related function attributed to short-term memory is its role as a stepping stone on the path to long-term memory, while information is being memorized through rehearsal or elaboration. Thus, working memory has long been implicated in both short-term and long-term storage. A somewhat more modern view of working memory takes into account not just the storage of items for later retrieval, but also the storage of partial results in complex sequential computations, such as language comprehension. The stor age requirements at the lexical level during comprehension are intuitively obvious. A listener or comprehender must be able to quickly retrieve some representation of earlier words and phrases in a sentence to relate them to later words and phrases. But storage demands also occur at several other levels of processing. The comprehender must also store the theme of the text, the representation of the situation to which it refers, the major propositions from preceding sentences, and a running, multilevel representation of the sentence that is currently being read (Kintsch vanDijk, 1978; vanDijk Kintsch, 1983). Thus, language comprehension is an excellent example of a task that demands extensive storage of partial and final products in the service of complex information processing. Most recent conceptions of working memory extend its function beyond storage to encompass the actual computations 122 CAPACITYShow MoreRelatedThe Topic Of Specific Language Impairment1572 Words   |  7 Pagesdisorder further fuels the controversy and frustration of speech language pathologists around the world. To determine ones opinion regarding SLI’s in individuals, whose primary language is sign language, the basics of this disorder must first be addressed. According to Richard Schwartz, an SLI can be defined as an impairment of language comprehension, production, or both in the absence of a hearing impairment, a general developmental delay, any neurological impairment and/or a diagnosis of autismRead MoreA Study Of Piagets Concepts1481 Words   |  6 PagesThe Spatial Relations Test has also been used in the study of Piaget’s concepts in their application to art education. Studies performed by Morra (2005) in Italy determined the differences in drawing flexibility in four- to nine-year-olds and the main causes for the disparities. In the study, Morra conducted three separate, interrelated experiments on children in northern and southern Italy to form a conclusion on the factors that affect their drawing abilities. In the first experiment, 225 childrenRead MoreLearning Disabilities in Children1603 Words   |  7 Pagescan be difficult and sometimes cruel for children, let alone children that are dealing with learning disabilities. A learning disability is a neurological disorder that affects the brain’s ability to process and respond to information. Cognitive theory and children with learning disabilities have a close relationship. When talking about children who have learning disabilities, it is safe to say that they are not always identified in its earliest stage, which then can lead to long term problemsRead MoreEf And Theory Of Mind129 5 Words   |  6 PagesEF and Theory of Mind It has been suggested that there is a strong link between EF and Theory of Mind (ToM; Moses Carlson, 2004). ToM is the ability to infer other people’s mental states, such as intentions, thought, feelings, and beliefs (Baron-Cohen, 1988). Neuroimaging studies have indicated that prefrontal cortex is involved in thinking about mental states (e.g., Amodio Frith, 2006; Frith Frith, 2003; Sabbagh Taylor, 2000; Siegal Varley, 2002). It was well documented that individualsRead MoreWorking Memory5992 Words   |  24 Pagesï » ¿Working Memory ââ€"  Working memory enables us to keep things in mind for short periods (215 seconds) as we think, e.g. while reading, making a list etc. ââ€"  It s related to but different to short-term-memory (STM) and long-term-memory (LTM). ââ€"  Chapter focuses on Baddley s (1986) model of phonological working memory, vocabulary acquisition and computational modelling of working-memory. ââ€"  The concept of span means how many items from a briefly presented set can be remembered, e.g. word spanRead MoreThe Foundation Of Interaction Hypothesis By Michael H. Long2045 Words   |  9 Pages2010; Lyster Saito, 2010; Mackey and Goo 2007; Russel and Spada 2006). Long (1981, 1983) asserted that comprehensible input, although necessary, is not sufficient in the process of L2 learning, and that through interaction learners notice the differences between their own formulation of the target language and those of their conversational partners, which in turn may lead them modify their output in order to make themselves understood. Mackey (2012) argues that Interaction often involves the provisionRead MoreTheories Of Human Development1401 Words   |  6 PagesHuman development is an active process resulting from interactions between an individual and their environment. The processes involved in an individual’s development and overall life outcomes are complex, everc hanging, and unique. Given the complexity of human development, the central tenets of my professional conceptual foundation of development include biological factors inherent in the individual, psychological influences, and social interactions. Thus, my professional perspective can best beRead MoreModels of Memory2270 Words   |  10 PagesOutline and Evaluate Models of Memory. (12 Marks) There are roughly four models of memory in total, but two stand out and are used in this particular specification. Atkinson and Schifrin’s (1968) â€Å"Multi-Store Model† is one of them. Their model suggests that the memory consists of three stores, a sensory store, a short-term store and a long-term store; all three have a specific and relatively inflexible function. It stressed that information for our environment such as the visual or auditoryRead MoreMemory and Interpretation2949 Words   |  12 PagesMemory and Interpretation by Hsienche Liu Graduate Institute of Translation and Interpretation Of National Chunghua University of Education Abstract This article mainly discusses the different categories and two different modes of interpretation. It also touches slightly on the interplay of interpretation and memory. Short-term memory is extremely important in interpretation. This paper analyzes different kinds of memory and their application for the interpreter’s training. This paper presentsRead MoreWorking Memory Trainings and Limits of Its Transfer2205 Words   |  9 PagesWorking Memory Trainings and Limits of Its Transfer Working memory is the ability one has to manipulate and maintain information mentally, while ignoring other irrelevant distractions and interference in the brain. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of interest in this field. Research in this area is in fact, still a currently active and quickly developing area. Working memory is so essential in every person’s everyday life that one would not be able to function and perform their

A View on Cross-Cutural Communication Essay - 642 Words

My View on Cross-cultural Communication in Todays World Have you seen the latest Hollywood movie War of the worlds? Have you visited the Disneyland that is newly opened in Hong Kong? As the world has become smaller day-by-day, the cross-cultural communications are taking place more frequently. However, in spite of the amusements, have you ever considered the gains and loses in this communication? So today I am going to talk about pros and cons of cross-cultural communication in todays world, and how to overcome the defects and make progress in it. In my point of view, the cross-cultural communication can be divided into two parts: One plays active role, which I call win-win communication. And the other with the adverse effect,†¦show more content†¦With each group that is uprooted or assimilated, a culture vanishes. Linguists estimate that every two weeks a language dies, taking with it unique ways of thinking, communicating, and living--and generations of irreplaceable knowledge. Thus, how to repel culture invasion without holding back the win-win cross-cultural communication? Firstly, the self-consciousness in native culture is the premise of communication. The features of a nations culture make his passport in global communication. Compare the cross-cultural communication to a fair, where various cultures are traded. Only by the awareness of advantages can we keep our culture distinctive and make up our sell points. Without the solid foundation of native culture, we have nothing to communicate with the foreign culture, which only leads to the wholesale acceptance or worship of everything foreign. On the other hand, as long as we realize the disadvantages of the culture and feel oblige to improve the native culture; the self-consciousness will be the motivation in our communication. Secondly, the platform of equals shall be the foundation of cross-cultural communication. All cultures, despite the power of their nations, should share the same status. If you set yourself on a pedestal, you will not be able to discover the excellence of foreign culture. And that will turn a communication into conservativeShow MoreRelatedIntercultural Abilities Nurses Should Have951 Words   |  4 PagesCultural views of individuals influence their perceptions and decisions of health attitudes and health cares; in order to care for people across different languages and cultures, nurses need to develop cultural sensitivity, awareness, competence, and humility (Creasia Parker, 2007). Among these, cultural competent and humility are the foundation to provide optimal quality care within diverse groups of people. Overview of Cutural Sensitivity, Cultural Awareness, Cultural Competence, and Cutural Humility

Role of African Elites in Dismantling Decolonization

Colonial literature F-K Omoregie, English Department, University of Botswana Walter Rodney s How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Amilcar Cabral s National Liberation and Struggle, and Ngugi Wa Thiong o s Writing Against Neocolonialism reveal the political, economic, and social circumstances that formed the sensibility of most African writers. Thus, they illuminate the various types of mentalities or ideologies that inform African literature. In addition, these works help the reader determine if a novelist s portrayal of African society fully reflects its social relations, political arrangements, and economic factors. These critical writings also help in the debate on the definition of African literature. For they bring out the†¦show more content†¦. . (1980). In Ferdinand Oyono s The Old Man and the Medal, the road, constructed by forced black labor, symbolizes the visible exploitative means linking Africa to Europe. Rodney notes also that the social services in colonial Africa reflected the pattern of domination and exploitation geared toward the wel l-being of the settlers. In Mayombe the narrator says: You earn twenty escudos a day, for chopping down trees with an axe . . . And how much does the boss earn for each tree? A pile. What does the boss do to earn this money? Nothing, nothing . . . So, how can he earn many thousands a day and give you twenty escudos? What right has he? This is colonialist exploitation. [Pepetela: 1983: 19] What the narrator notes above, claims Rodney, is what resulted in the underdevelopment of Africa. Rodney observes that the African dependency upon the European also ultimately produced neocolonial class stratification and Africans who manipulated the colonial economic structures for their own benefit. In Mission to Kala, the colonial authorities nominate the chief of Vimili who goes on to live an opulent life at the expense of the people: The colonial Administration (who had nominated him in the first place) buttered him up. In return, he obeyed their commands like a robot and knew they would not throw him out. In the days of the forced labor gangs he had been feared by everyone because he betrayed fugitives to the authorities and acted as an informer.Show MoreRelated Outside the Teaching Machine by Gayatri Spivak2753 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"Other† as self’s other is going on, perhaps with more subtlety and programmatic finesse. The significant distinction she makes between relative strength of subjectivity is the way how she considers the Western critical discourse as assuming the role of the originator, legitimizer, and of course the guarantor of the discourse about the so-called Third World. The ethical question that arises from Spivak’s discussion leads towards what she terms â€Å"epistemic violence.† For her, the Western subject’sRead MoreCultural Erasure5591 Words   |  23 Pagescity of El Dorado, the fabled Fountain of Youth and the island home of Robinson Crusoe. Enriched by the process of creolization, the cosmopolitanism of the average Caribbean person is also well recognized: ‘No Indian from India, no European, no African can adjust with greater ease and naturalness to new situations’ (Lamming 1960, 34). As a concept or notion ‘the Caribbean’ can also be seen to have a marvellous elasticity that defies the imposition of clear geographic boundaries, has no distinctRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagestwentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrate, very often connect in important ways with these and other major developments. The opening essays of this collection underscore the importance of including

Reaganomics and Its Effect on Minority Groups - 1519 Words

The most noteworthy component of Ronald Reagan’s two terms as leader of the free world are the laws, regulations, and policies passed under his two terms as President of the United States. These regulations soon became known as â€Å"Reaganomics†, a term that is still used today to describe these policies. Hidden underneath the manufactured depiction of Reaganomics policies by mass media lies a controversial observation: these policies may have created a permanent shift in American society which, as a result, disenfranchised minorities since they went into effect over thirty years ago. This particular idea or theory is exceptionally contradictory and has been distorted by not only various media outlets but by subsequent pro-Reaganomics†¦show more content†¦The income received by the top 5% of highest incomes increased by 5%. This also increased the income wage gap between races (primarily white and black) and the wage gap between social classes (middle class a nd wealthy) as the number of Americans below the poverty line increased by more than 2 million. Despite its successes on the American economical structure and more significantly, its benefits for the rich, Reaganomics jeopardized the welfare of Americans of the lower class as Reagan’s administration cut 60% of funding towards social programs that primarily assisted mothers, children, and minorities like Social Security, Medicaid, Food Stamps, and federal education programs. The administration also proved to be detrimental to the citizens in the urban area with budget cuts to federal legal services for the poor as well as decreased funding for public transportation and the eliminated anti-poverty programs such as the Community Development Block program. When Reagan first came into office, city budgets used over 20 percent of federal funding but towards 1988, it decreased to 6 percent. The results of these cuts were so destructive that many inner city schools, public libraries, hospital/clinics, police and fire departments were forced to close down indefinitely. With thirty percent of African Americans below the poverty line, these spending cuts sparked the onset of several implications for African American family life, such as the halving of the housing andShow MoreRelatedThe Changing American Culture Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pagessolution. According to Peter Ferrara in â€Å"Reaganomics vs Obamanomics† Ronald Reagan said in his speech during his first inauguration â€Å" In this present crisis government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem†. This shows that people of his generation tended to be more independent and solve their own problems rather than be dependent and expect the government to do it for them. According to William Niskanen in â€Å"Reaganomics† Ronald Reagan adjusted the tax code soRead MoreThe 80s Of Ronald Reagan1441 Words   |  6 Pagesconservatism that liberals have not succeeded in reversing. Reagan is part of a select group of political leaders, including Thomas Jefferson and W. Wilson, whose names because watchwords for political creeds and stances toward Reagan was indeed the guy for the job as his ideals and promises couldn t been more like what the people wanted. Regan after cleverly dealing with Congress, he obtained legislation known as Reaganomics, based on liberal doctrines of stimulation of economic growth, reduction of inflationRead MoreGender Analysis : The War On Drugs 3624 Words   |  15 PagesReagan administration. The War on Drugs led to lots of arrests because the stereotypical drug user was African Americans. Police also used corrupt practices targeting African Americans. Media defined the typical criminal as an African American male. Minority neighborhoods are a focus of police. Officers are given an unacceptable amount of discretion that creates racism. When these people get issued a sentence that adds more racism. When released from prison, they face an unsupportive uncompassionateRead MoreEssay about The Many Benefits of Affirmative Action2038 Words   |  9 PagesAffirmative Action   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Affirmative action has helped the income, promotion and labor force participation rates of both women and minorities. For example, between 1982 and 1995, the percentage of female managers and professionals in the U.S. rose from 40.5 to 48.0 percent; blacks from 5.5 to 7.5 percent, and Hispanics from 5.2 to 7.6 percent. By comparison, these groups form 51.2 percent, 12.6 percent, and 10.2 percent of the population, respectively. Progress has been steady, but still incompleteRead MoreEconomics And Classical Liberal Economics1900 Words   |  8 Pagessystem in most countries around the world. However, this soon changed after the oil crisis in the 1970’s and after government intervention was blamed for stagflation, paving the way for the rise in neoliberal economics dominated by Thatcherism and Reaganomics. The difference between neoliberal economics and classical liberal economics is the rejection of Adam Smith’s theory of the invisible hand of supply and demand and believe it will worsen the economy. However, even though neoliberal economics thrivedRead MoreUs History Reagan, H.W Bush, Clinton, Reaganomics3670 Words   |  15 PagesJohnson had brought into action a policy that ensured underprivileged minorities and women access to education, jobs, and promotion. However, in 1978 during the landmark Supreme Court case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, a white man, Bakke, applied twice to a California medical school but was rejected both times on the grounds of his age and also because the medical school had sixteen reserved seats for minority applicants. The final verdict of the court case declared that collegeRead MoreEssay about Occupy Wall Street Movement1817 Words   |  8 Pageseconomic implication is that â€Å"†¦they really owe us [the taxpayers] for saving their necks. It’s high time they started paying what they owe.† (Haidt, 2011) http://reason.com/archives/2011/12/30/the-moral-foundations-of-occupy-wall-str The minority of OWS is the view of those on Wall Street (â€Å"the 1 percent†). In order to justify their amount of wealth, they make the claim that everybody gets what they deserve, and a person must earn his way. They argue that the stories of rising from ragsRead MoreEssay His 135 Week 9 Final Project3576 Words   |  15 Pagesviewpoints, and the Senator J. McCarthy’s allegations. (Halberstam, 1994). The Civil Rights Movement, in the 1950s, did have some rather impressive improvements. These improvements occurred not because of an individual person or single group, but of a movement that seemed to unite and solidify even through adversity. Possibly it was the best time cause, Blacks had served in World War II, exposing some White Americans to race issues for the first time; the country was centered on anti-communismRead MoreLeadership Style of Sir Richard Branson2305 Words   |  10 Pagesangry with me that he urged my impeachment. I was very relaxed. The odds were that, if the issue ever did reach the president, he would just have a good laugh. Of course, the threat of my impeachment quickly evaporated. Lesson 5: Use Humor to Good Effect. Yes, Ronald Reagan loved to tell funny stories. One of his favorite ones concerned the boy who was digging through a manure pile. His explanation for that strange action was that there had to be a pony in it somewhere. But usually the presidentRead MorePre-Columbian Period9302 Words   |  38 Pagesago.[10] Some of these groups migrated south and east, and over time spread throughout the Americas. These were the ancestors to modern Native Americans in the United States and Alaskan Native peoples, as well as all indigenous peoples of the Americas. Many indigenous peoples were semi-nomadic tribes of hunter-gatherers; others were sedentary and agricultural civilizations. Many formed new tribes or confederations in response to European colonization. Well-known groups included the Huron, Apache

5 Stategies to Involve Parents Free Essays

A suggestion box is an ideal tool for parents on the go. This gives parents the opportunity to be involved without cutting into their busy schedules. Also this benefits those parents whom like to anonymously suggest ideas about the service or certain activities. We will write a custom essay sample on 5 Stategies to Involve Parents or any similar topic only for you Order Now Having the box in an accessible place is important in order for every parent to know where it is and have immediate access. Putting in place some parent suggested ideas will continue to encourage parent involvement. Parent Read Along: A parent read along is a good way to include parents in an activity with the kids at the center while increasing child development. This is an activity that could take place once a month that encourages parents read a story to their child’s classroom. Having parents come read to children at story time will be a quick and efficient way to involve parents; preferably the story session day and time should meet the need of the parent. This in return lets the parents know that the center is dedicated to putting the child and family first. I believe this strategy would benefit the development of children because it encourages and promotes learning while reading in addition to parent involvement. Keep Parents Updated: Keeping parents informed of what takes place on a daily basis, upcoming events and how they can get involved is an open invitation. Finding additional creative ways of spreading the news rather than by word of mouth may be a little catchier. Having flyers, newsletters, or possibly sending emails may grasp the attention of the parent; being that technology is so dominate and people communicate via e-mail frequently. Going the extra mile shows that your daycare center encourages parental involvement. Bring Your Parent To Center Day: Having events that are centered on parental participation is another way to get parents involved. An event like bring your parent to Center day puts parents in the spotlight. The Parents Day event resembles that of show and tell. Parents can show off their skills while interacting with their child (ren) at the center. It would be good to have this type of event maybe once a month in order to give each child’s parent(s) an opportunity while providing varying days and times. Progress Meetings: Every parent should take interest in their child’s progress and achievements. A progress meeting encourages parental involvement. Progress meetings can be scheduled accordingly or spur of the moment. Scheduling meetings to best fit the need of the parent shows concern in the matter. Updating a parent of their child’s progress while they are signing them out counts as well. Making parents aware that their involvement with their child will likely have benefits for their child’s development also may produce more participation at the center. When other parents see parents getting involved they usually will too. This strategy as well contributes to the development of children because for one the parent is involved. Having parent involvement encourages children to push on and do well. Progress meetings helps acknowledge problem areas if any so that, if additional help is needed the parent is aware and will do as such. How to cite 5 Stategies to Involve Parents, Papers

Frank Kafkas novel Essay Example For Students

Frank Kafkas novel Essay Frank Kafkas novel The Metamorphosis and Henrik Ibsens play A Dolls House both explore the theme of womens independence, which is highlighted through the contrast of female and male power. Grete, the sister of Gregor, who turns into an insect, and Nora, spouse of the machista Torvald Helmer, are primarily dependent on their male providers for the family. From initial weakness to facing challenges to experiencing a breakthrough of independence, Grete and Nora embody female growth. In the beginning of both works, the two women are fully dependent on the financial supporter of the household, given that neither has jobs. Nor Grete nor Nora contributes to the financial status of their abodes. The day that Gregors ability to work is impeded by his metamorphosis, Grete stays in her room crying, because he was in danger of losing his job (Kafka 76). The narrators simple suggestion shows that Gretes interest in Gregor is financial, now that he might not be able to support the family. Her dependence is unveiled in her unconscious thought of losing her older brother, the leader of the house, and the possibility of taking that role. Her cry is a combination of frustration and confusion. In a similar manner, Nora is very dependent on her husband, Torvald. You might five me money, Torvald. Only just as much as you can afford (Ibsen 14). Nora, on the other hand, is different from Grete because she is a grown woman, and could plausibly have a job, yet she takes advantage of her femininity to manipulate Torvald. She is conscious of her beauty and the fact that Torvald will do anything for his little squirrel, she talks sweetly to him to convince him. Nora is purely dependent at this point, and takes advantage of her situation to receive even more from Torvald. Grete and Nora have not developed into independent women in any way at this point in the works, though both women are at different stages of consciousness with regard to their dependency on the man of the house, as Gretes dependency is innocent, while Noras is manipulative. Either way, they both are fully supported by Gregor and Torvald. As the two works progress, Grete and Noras personalities start developing and show rays of growth, as they are faced with new challenges. Through simple dialogue and the actions of the two women, their psychological traits are revealed little by little and independence becomes a clear goal for both. Grete, not still the young sibling that relied on her older brother anymore, tak3es charge and care of her surrounding, as the narrator describes, Gregors sister, of course, went in first to see that everything was in order (Kafka 101). The matter of fact tone of the words of course, reveal Gretes journey to independence. With this declaration, the author is creating a new situation, which is where Grete has taken over Gregors job in the house. In A Dolls House, Nora has started to show signs of independence through her manipulation of Torvald. You must let Hrogstad keep his post in the Bank (Ibsen 40). On the surface, Noras request seems simple and bland, yet her manipulation lies in her urge to keep her forgery of her fathers signature a secret, which would not be possible had Krogstad left the Bank. Noras rays of independence are visible through the manipulation of her husband for her own personal reasons. On a superficial level, the women in both works seem just as dependent as before, yet their actions and thoughts insinuate a still-invisible independent future. By the end of both works, a breakthrough as independent women has become recognizable in Grete and Nora. At this point, there are more than just rays of growth and hints f independence; Grete and Nora break their barriers of repression and set themselves free. Grete is able to use her talent as a violin player to portray her absolute independence. Gregors sister began to play; the father and mother, from either side, intently watched the movements of her hands (Kafka 120). Grete, at this point, has managed to attract her parents and the three men living in the house. As she plays her music, she maintains an audience that watches intently, as the author describes it. For the first now, Grete is the center of the household, with all eyes focused on her. This occurrence marks Gretes metamorphosis, as she evolves into the family leader. .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15 , .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15 .postImageUrl , .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15 , .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15:hover , .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15:visited , .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15:active { border:0!important; } .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15:active , .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15 .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u40786d2a8a36fdee8f3312abf52b4f15:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Is Frankensteins creation is a creature or a monster? EssayNoras independence, unlike Gretes, is presented in a negative context, which is through her selfish personality. Her selfishness is present while she manipulates Torvald again and again. Torvald, you will repent not having let me stay, (Ibsen 58). Since the reader knows that Nora is only interested in saving herself from Torvald finding the forged letter, the author has made the lector aware of Noras independent thinking. Nora has also reduced her level of interest to just herself, as she states that she is Never to see him again. Never! Never! Never to see my children again either- (Ibsen 63). The repetition of ne ver emphasizes desire to be absent, and distances Nora from her previous life. Nora wants to escape her plastic bubble; she wants to be more than just a trophy. Although both women are not physically distanced from their respective families, both have set their independent grounds, and have been recognized publicly. After both women have established their mental independence, they are situated to be alone, which consequently occurs. At the end of the novel, after Grete is already conscious of her state of independence, Kafka ensures her parents awareness, as They became aware of their daughters increasing vivacity (Kafka 132). While this directly recognizes Gretes independence, the use of increasing vivacity suggests future growth. Although Nora is older than Grete, she is in the same initial state, as she is also new to independence. Nora decides to leave her husband, Torvald, as well as her children. Noras concentration at this point is on her independence, as she has planned nothing. When asked about the future, she responds, How can I tell? I have no idea what is going to become of me (Ibsen 71). This sarcastic rebuttal only emphasizes her desire to be an individual. The use of the exclamation mark leaves all issues in the open, as she will live day by day. When issues are publicly recognized, they become official, which is the case for Grete and Noras independence.  In Metamorphosis and A Dolls House, two women experience social breakthroughs and succeed in becoming independent in societies with many impeding obstacles. Grete and Nora could be thought of as emerging butterflies that were still in their cocoons. At the end of both works, evolution has reached a point where both women flourished, and became individuals.